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Graduate Student Researchers
Erik Gilson
Summary
In our Malmberg-Penning trap, we confine only electrons. An inject, hold and dump cycle is used to regulate the flow of electrons into and out of the trap. A modified trap may allow neutral plasmas to be trapped. A double well trap is a possible solution to the problem of confining a neutral plasma in a Malmberg-Penning trap.
Introduction
A Malmberg-Penning trap with suitably applied gate potentials (fig. 1a) may be used to confine oppositely charged species. The negatively charged particles will fall into the central well (fig. 1b) and the positively charged particles will be trapped inside the outer potential walls (fig. 1c). Electron-positron dynamics and anti-hydrogen production could be studied in this trap.
One of the difficulties in using double well neutral plasma traps is the separation of the particles into their respective wells, thereby filling the wells and unmixing the species. In addition, the filled wells might contain enough charge to shield out the potential and allow the other species to escape.
We will discuss several schemes which may remedy this problem. We will also present calculations of plasma heating relevant to these schemes, and experimental results.
Filling Rate
Figure 2 shows that the plasma drops into and fills wells in a time on the order of 100 ms. This is a collisional time scale rather than an instability time scale. Consequently, we must act on a time scale of less than 100 ms to maintain a neutral plasma regime.
Solutions
Two possible approaches to preventing the problems associated with the filled wells are presented in this poster. The first is to resonantly drive particles out of the well. The second is to periodically create new empty wells to replace the wells as they fill.
Three methods for replacing a filled well with an empty one are:
- Moving an empty well into the plasma.
- Creating a stationary empty well outside the plasma, and allowing the plasma to flow into that well.
- Instantaneously creating a new well within the plasma.
The Moving Well
One method for replacing a filled well is to have an empty well move into the plasma, replacing the filled well. As the moving well enters the plasma, we expect it to be antishielded and thus remain empty. We have successfully observed this antishielding in our experiment. The following sequence of diagrams shows the on-axis potential along the trap used for a moving well.
The Instantaneous Well
Yet another possibility is to instantaneously create a well within the plasma. Because the well is created instantaneously, it will be relatively unfilled. This well is then moved over to take the place of the filled well.
Trap Tickling
An alternative to creating a new well is to continuously drive particles out of the well as it fills. In the ideal case of a harmonic well, particles could be ejected from the well by driving them at the resonant frequency. Unfortunately, it may be difficult to make a purely harmonic well, as the charge distribution of the plasma itself will perturb the applied potential. In the more likely scenario of an anharmonic well, noise could be used to stochastically drive particles out of the well.
Plasma Heating
All of these methods are plagued by excessive heating. In the course of the plasma manipulations, there are various adiabatic heating and cooling cycles. Additionally, there are free expansions which heat the plasma. We find that in our experiments with the moving well and the static well there is net heating. It seems likely that there will also be net heating for the instantaneous well and the tickled trap. This may prohibit the useful application of these techniques to neutral plasma trapping.
We considered two models of free expansion heating. The first model compares the electrostatic potential energy of an electron column before and after an expansion into a region without a well. The decrease in potential energy results in a temperature increase,
C is a constant, L is the length of the plasma and n is the density. For typical parameters in our experiment, this formula yields DkT ~ 3 eV.
The second model is a single particle model in which we ignore the plasma self-potential. Electrons are considered to be moving in the applied gate potential and to obey the Boltzmann distribution. The following equation, which results from the conservation of energy and particle number, must be solved to find the final temperature.
where x is ef/kT, f is the well depth and Lw is the length of the well. Typical values are on the order of 10 eV.
In experiments with the static well, we find net heating for a range of initial densities and well depths (fig. 6). Substantial heating was also observed for the moving well.
Summary
In order to confine both positive and negative charges within a Malmberg-Penning trap, the schemes described in this poster may not be adequate. While we can succeed in replacing the filled wells with empty wells, the amount of plasma heating may preclude the application of these techniques.
Author: Erik Gilson